新托福整套习题分析
因为学习其实就是一个熟悉的过程，不断和英语接触，提高重复次数。
做学生就多考分，做成人就多挣钱，这样尊严才可以多一点。
——我离托福考试只剩01天。
周五早上好，习惯性在头天晚上留点时间，去写点东西。前面近两个月分别写了连岳的读书笔记和经济学人句型专栏。
今天写下托福题目构成吧，基本常识就不普及了，只是放下吃透一套题后达到的效果，明天可能说下我在一个多月里的复习中，总结出自认为最有效但也最繁琐的学习方法，这包含从各个机构网站和微公号搜罗来的，然后付诸实践。（如果明天发文章的话）
总提纲是做题四小时，分析十小时。
阅读三篇文章，共39道题目，耗时一个小时；听力两大部分，各为一个对话+两篇讲座，共41道小题，耗时一个小时；口语是六道题目，前二独立后四综合，对话和讲座各有一，听力耗时半小时左右，说的时间不到六分钟；写作两道大题，综合阅读文章和听力讲座，以及一道300字+的大作文。
题型和雅思很像，区别之一在于形式不同吧——机考和笔考，网上分析很多，尤其是知乎。
这里按照顺序放上我对阅读和听力文章的分析，然后有口语的连读弱化技巧，因为文章去读的话都很简单，而关键是说的顺畅和准确，我目前似乎都还无法做到，仍在努力中，重复是唯一核心；写作部分还是放上标注版的习作，外加两篇高分作文。
文章很长，还是中英结合，而且有许多讨人厌的单词黏连，这是本平台的缺点之一。
下面进入正题。
▁▂▃▅▆ ▊▷/READING〓
The Commercialization of Lumber
In nineteenth-century America, practically everything that was built involved wood. Pine was especially attractive for building purposes. It is durable and strong, yet soft enough to be easily worked with even the simplest of hand tools. It also floats nicely on water, which allowed it to be transported to distant markets across the nation. \\\ The central and northern reaches of the Great Lakesstates—Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota—all contained extensive pine forests as well as many large rivers for floating logs into the Great Lakes, from where they were transported nationwide. /////松木坚硬持久够柔软漂浮性好因此极具实用性
By 1860, these ttlement of the American West along with timber shortages in the East converged with ever-widening impact onthe pine forests of the Great Lakes states.Over the next 30 years, lumbering became a full-fledged enterprise in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Newly formed lumbering corporations bought up huge tracts of pineland and set about systematically cutting the trees. \\\ Both the colonistsand the later industrialists saw timber as a commodity, but the latter group adopted a far morethorough and calculating approach toremoving trees. In this sense, what happened between 1860 and 1890 represented a significant break withthe past. Nolonger were farmers in search of extra income the main source for shingles,firewood, and other wood products. By the 1870s, farmers andcity dwellers alike purchased forestproducts from large manufacturing companies located in the Great Lakes states rather tha-n chopping wood themselves or buying it locally. ///// 1860-1870年 松木提供者由当地居民转变到工厂企业家
The commercialization of lumbering was in part the product of technological change.The early, thick saw blades tended to waste a large quantity of wood, with perhaps as much as athird of the log left behind on thefloor as sawdust or scrap. In the 1870s,however, the British-invented band saw, with its thinner blade, becamestandard issue in the Great Lakes states' lumber factories. \\\ Meanwhile, the rise of steam-poweredmills streamlined productionby allowing for the moreefficient, centralized, and continuous cutting of lumber. Steam helped to automatea variety of tasks, from cutting to the carryingaway of waste. Mills also employedsteam to heat log ponds, preventingthem from freezing and makingpossible year-round lumber production. ///// 砍伐工具和蒸汽动力的技术变革使得工厂得以高效全年生产
For industriallumbering to succeed, a way had tobe found to neutralize the effects of the seasons on production.Traditionally, cutting took place in the winter, when snow and ice made it easier to drag logs on sledsor sleighs to the banks of streams. Once thestreams and lakes thawed, workers rafted the logs to mills, where theywere cut into lumber in the summer. If nature did not cooperate—if the winter proveddry and warm, if the spring thaw was delayed—productionwould suffer. \\\ To counter the effects of climate onlumber production, loggers experimentedwith a variety of techniques for transporting trees out of the woods. Inthe 1870s, loggers in the Great Lakes states began sprinkling water on sleigh roads,giving them an artificial ice coating to facilitate travel. Theice reduced the friction and allowedworkers to move larger and heavierloads. 伐木工在路上洒水使其结冰以应对干热冬季延迟化雪的状况
But all thesprinkling in the world would not savea logger from the threat of a warm winter. Without snow the sleigh roads turnedto mud. \\\ In the 1870s, a set of snowless winters left lumber companies to ponderways of liberating themselves fromthe seasons. Railroads were one possibility. \\\ At first,the remoteness of the pine forests discouraged common carriers from laying track. But increasing lumber prices in the late 1870s combined with periodic warm, drywinters compelled loggers to turn toiron rails. By 1887, 89 logging railroads crisscrossed Michigan, transforming logging from a winter activity into a year-round one.///// 雪融后道路泥泞洒水效果不好，松木价格升高使得搭建铁路成为可能
Once the logs arrived at a river, the trip downstream to a mill could be a longand tortuous one.Logjams (buildups of logs that prevent logs from moving downstream)were common—at times stretching for10 miles—and became even more frequent as pressure on the northern Midwestpinelands increased in the 1860s. \\\ To help keep the logs moving efficiently, barriers called booms (essentially a chain of floating logs) were constructed to control the direction of the timber. By the 1870s, lumber companiesexisted in all the major loggingareas of the northern Midwest. ///// 为提高运输效率而设立积木和河障
Overkill of the North AmericanMegafauna
Thousands of years ago, in North America's past, all of its megafauna—large mammals suchas mammoths and giant bears—disappeared.Oneproposed explanation for this event is that when the first Americans migrated over from Asia, they hunted the megafauna to extinction. Thesepeople, known as the Clovis societyafter a site where their distinctive spear points were first found, would have been able to use thisfood source to expand theirpopulation and fill the continentrapidly. \\\ Yet many scientists argueagainst this "Pleistoceneoverkill" hypothesis. Modern humans have certainly been capable of suchdrastic effects on animals, but could ancient peoplewith little more than stone spears similarly have caused the extinction of numerous speciesof animals? \\\ Thirty-five genera or groups ofspecies (and many individual species) sufferedextinction in North America around 11,000 B.C., soon after the appearance andexpansion of Paleo-lndians throughout the Americas (27 genera disappearedcompletely, and another 8 becamelocally extinct, surviving onlyoutside North America). ///// 北美猛犸象和熊灭绝的一种假说是被第一代美国人狩猎杀完，但许多科学家以古人的石矛不具有大的杀伤力来反对
Although the climate changed at the end ofthe Pleistocene, warming trends had happenedbefore. A period of massive extinction of large mammals like that seen about 11,000 years ago had not occurred during the previous 400,000years, despite these changes. \\\The only apparently significantdifference in the Americas 11,000 years ago was the presence of human huntersof these large mammals.Was this coincidence or cause-and-effect? 气候变化之前就有，因此可排除其影响，故人类狩猎确实是其灭绝原因么
Wedo not know. \\\ Ecologist Paul S. Martin has championed the modelthat associates the extinction oflarge mammals at the end of the Pleistocene with human predation. Withresearcher J. E. Mosimann, he has co-authoreda work in which a computer model showed that in around 300 years, giventhe right conditions, a small influx of hunters into eastern Beringia 12,000years ago could have spread acrossNorth America in a wave and wiped out game animals to feed their burgeoning population. 一位生物学家P.S.M用数据模型证明了其联系，另一位J.E.M说明了合适情况下也有可能
Theresearchers ran the model severalways, always beginning with a population of 100 humans inEdmonton, in Alberta, Canada, at 11,500 years ago. Assuming different initial North American big-game-animalpopulations (75-150 million animals) and different population growth rates forthe human settlers (0.65%-3.5%), and varyingkill rates, Mosimann and Martin derivedfigures of between 279 and 1,157years from initial contact to big-game extinction. ///// 多种模型、不同起始条件综合证明
Many scholars continue to support this scenario.Forexample, geologist Larry Agenbroad has mappedthe locations of dated Clovis sites alongside the distribution of dated siteswhere the remains of wooly mammoths have been found in both archaeological and purely paleontological contexts. Thesedistributions show remarkablesynchronicity (occurrence at the same time). ////// 地理学家LA利用同位性分布支持此学说
There are, however, many problems with this model. Significantly, though afew sites are quite impressive, there really is very little archaeologicalevidence to support it.Writing in 1982, Martin himself admitted the paucity of evidence; forexample, at that point, the remains of only 38 individual mammoths had beenfound at Clovis sites. In the years since, few additional mammoths have been added to the list; there are stillfewer than 20 Clovis sites where the remains of one or more mammoths have been recovered, a minusculeproportion of the millions that necessarily would have had to have been slaughtered within theoverkill scenario. ///// 考古学有力证据极少，继发现38个猛犸象之后再无，少于20个遗址有猛犸象，有小部分的可能已经灭绝
Though Martin claims the lack of evidenceactually supports his model—theevidence is sparse because the spread of humans and the extinction of animals occurred so quickly—this argument seems weak.\\\ And how could we ever disprove it?As archaeologist DonaldGrayson points out, in other cases where extinction resulted from the quickspread of human hunters—for example, the extinction of the moa, the largeflightless bird of New Zealand—archaeological evidence in the form of remainsis abundant. \\\ Grayson has also shownthat the evidence is not so clear that all or even most of the large herbivoresin late Pleistocene America becameextinct after the appearance of Clovis. Of the 35 extinct genera, only 8 can beconfidently assigned an extinctiondate of between 12,000 and 10,000 years ago. Many of the older genera, Grayson argues, may have succumbedbefore 12,000B.C., at least half a century before the Clovis showed up in theAmerican West. 尽管M声称缺乏证据就是最好的证据，但这摆明了就是耍无赖。考古学家DG指出moa的灭绝就遗留大量灭绝证据，C原始人出现以前大部分已经灭绝
Elements of Life
The creation of life requires a set ofchemical elements for making thecomponents of cells.Life on Earth uses about 25 of the 92 naturally occurring chemical elements, althoughjust 4 of these elements—oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen—make up about 96 percent of the mass of living organisms. Thus, a firstrequirement for life might be the presence of most or all of the elements usedby life. 生命发生需要25中元素，其中氧碳氮氢占比96%
Interestingly, this requirement canprobably be met by almost any world.\\\ Scientists have determined thatall chemical elements in the universe besides hydrogen and helium (and a traceamount of lithium) were produced bystars. These are known as heavyelements because they are heavier than hydrogen and helium. \\\ Although all ofthese heavy elements are quite rare comparedto hydrogen and helium, they are foundjust about everywhere. 所有元素由恒星产生，重元素尽管稀少但随处都可找到
Heavy elements are continually being manufacturedby stars and released into space bystellar deaths, so their amount comparedto hydrogen and helium gradually riseswith time.Heavy elements make up about 2 percent of the chemical content (by mass) of our solarsystem, the other 98 percent is hydrogen and helium. \\\ In some very old starsystems, which formed before manyheavy elements were produced, theheavy-element share may be less than 0.1 percent. Nevertheless, every starsystem studied has at least someamount of all the elements used by life. Moreover, when planetesimals—small,solid objects formed in the earlysolar system that may accumulate to become planets—condense within a forming star system, they are inevitably madefrom heavy elements because the more common hydrogen and helium remain gaseous. Thus, planetesimalseverywhere should contain theelements needed for life, which meansthat objects built fromplanetesimals—planets, moons, asteroids, and comets-also contain theseelements. \\\ The nature of solar-system formation explains why Earth containsall the elements needed for life, and it is why we expect these elements to be present on other worlds throughout oursolar system, galaxy, and universe. ///// 重元素不断被死亡的恒星释放而增加，古老的恒星系中重元素很少，新产生的微星系极多，因此地球包含所有生命需要的元素
Note that this argument does not change, even if we allow for life very different from life on Earth.Lifeon Earth is carbon based, and mostbiologists believe that lifeelsewhere is likely to be carbon basedas well. \\\ However, we cannot absolutely ruleout the possibility of life withanother chemical basis, such as silicon or nitrogen. The set of elements (ortheir relative proportions) used by life basedon some other element might besomewhat different from that used by carbon-based life on Earth. But theelements are still products of stars and would still be present inplanetesimals everywhere.\\\ No matterwhat kinds of life we are looking for, we are likely to find the necessary elements on almostevery planet, moon, asteroid, and comet in the universe. ///// 所有生命都可能以碳为骨架，但不排除以其他元素为骨架构成的生命的可能性
A somewhat stricter requirement is the presence of these elements in moleculesthat can be used as ready-made building blocks for life, just as early Earthprobably had an organic soup of amino acids and other complex molecules.\\\ Earth's organic molecules likely camefrom some combination of threesources: chemical reactions in the atmosphere, chemical reactions near deep-seavents in the oceans, and molecules carried to Earth by asteroids andcomets. The first two sources can occuronly on worlds with atmospheres or oceans, respectively. But the third sourceshould have brought similarmolecules to nearly all worlds in our solar system. ///// 另一个比较严格的条件是可以构成生命模块的分子，就像地球上大气、海洋中反应和外星带来的氨基酸有机化合物，
Studies of meteorites and comets suggestthat organic molecules are widespread among both asteroids and comets.Becauseeach body in the solar system was repeatedlystruck by asteroids and cometsduring the period known as the heavybombardment (about 4 billion years ago), each body should have received at least some organicmolecules. \\\ However, these molecules tendto be destroyed by solar radiationon surfaces unprotected byatmospheres. Moreover, while these molecules might stay intact beneath the surface (as they evidently do on asteroidsand comets), they probably cannot reactwith each other unless some kind of liquid or gas is available to move them about. Thus, if we limit our search to worlds on whichorganic molecules are likely to be involved in chemical reactions, we canprobably rule out any world that lacksboth an atmosphere and a surface or subsurface liquid medium, such as water. 研究表明小行星和彗星中有大量有机分子，太阳系中每个星球都被多次撞击，因此都含有些有机物，然而它们可能被太阳辐射破坏，也因缺少介质不能相互反应
▁▂▃▅▆ ▊§/LISTENING〓
Conversation
Computer center employee: Hi, what can Ihelp you with today?
Student: Hi,um, I wanted to-you see, the thing is, Idon't know much about computers, so I was wondering if, uh, if there's a classor something? So I can learn how to use computers, like to write papersfor my classes.
Computer center employee: Oh, I see...um, we don't really offer a course for beginners, since most studentsalready have computing experience. But all the computers in our labs havea general tutorial installed on them. You could just go there and run it.
Student: Andthe tutorial explainseverything? I mean, it might sound strange but I've never used a computer.
Computer center employee: Well, all thecomputer labs on campus are staffed with student assistants, and I'm sure thatany one of them would be more than willing to get you started.
Student: Yeah?That sounds good. But is it expensive?
Computer center employee: No, in fact, itwon't cost anything; it's one of the services of the computer center.
Student: That'sgreat. How do they-I mean, how do I get in touch with the studentassistants? Should I just go to a computer lab and ask whoever's there?
Computer center employee: Sure, you coulddo that, or I can let you have a list of names of the students who areassistants in the labs. You might know one of them.
Student: Actually,I think I'd prefer someone I don't know, um, so I can ask dumb questions... Is there anyone you'd recommend?
Computer center employee: All of ourstudent assistants are really knowledgeable about computers. I mean, theyhave to be, in order to work in the computer labs. It doesn't mean that they're necessarily good at teaching beginners. But you probably won'tbe a beginner for very long.
Student: Hope not.
Computer center employee: And I just thoughtof something else. The bookstore has a lot of books on computers-theremight be one for people like you. Imean, people who don't have a lot of experience with computers. I actuallybought one for my father so he could learn how to use e-mail, basic wordprocessing, that sort of thing-and it worked pretty well for him.
Student: OK,I'II try that, too. And if the bookstore doesn't have it, they can justorder it for me?
Computer center employee: Right. Now isthere anything else I can help you with today?
Student: Uh,just the list of names and the timesthey're working. I'd like to get going on this as soon aspossible.
Computer center employee: Right. Goodluck.
International Trade
Professor: When attempting to understand international trade, some things seem so obvious thatthey can hardly be controverted, andother points that are important are invisible unless you've thought about thesubject carefully. /////国际贸易中浅显的事情和深层的道理
Consider the following: if there's anincrease in imports, let's say, um, let's say imports of furniture, and thedomestic producers of furniture find this new competition very difficult andare cutting production andemployment, then it seems obvious andeasy to understand and many people concludefrom this that increasing imports will cause generally greater unemployment athome. ///// 家具进口数量增加，国内产品商竞争不过，减少生产和雇用——增长出口导致失业率上升
What is not so obvious is that how much weimport and how much we export...those are interdependent and you can'tunderstand the one without the other. But the exports that are generated are not easily discernable,so most people don't see them. They see only the imports of furniture rising and employment in domesticfurniture production falling. ///// 进出口的数量难以衡量，彼此依赖不易分割，出口被大多数人忽视，他们只看到家具进口量增加和国内产量减少
So as a result, many people argue that we ought to protect jobs bylimiting imports-either by tariffs, quotas, regulations, or whatever-without realizing that this also has the effect of reducing potential future exports to therest of the world, things that we can produce very, very…cost effectively and therefore profitably. ///// 结果让许多人以为我们以限制进口来保护工作，没有意识到这也会减少未来潜在获利的出口产品量
The fundamental proposition ininternational economics is that it makes sense to import those things thatwe…that can be produced more economically abroad than at home, and exportthings to the rest of the world that we can produce more cost effectively thanproduced elsewhere in the world. Therefore, if we limit imports, we putourselves in danger of not being able to export. ///// 国际贸易根本逻辑在于，我们生产国内成本低的产品来出口，进口国外生产效率高的产品，因此我们限制进口也导致出口减少
The details of this relationship will takemuch longer to explain than I canfully go into now, but the point of the matter is that gains-the benefits ofgains-from international trade result from being able to get things cheaper by buying them abroad than you can makethem at home. Now there're some things that we can make at home thatare...that we can do more economically than they can do abroad. ///// 国际贸易的利益在于从国外买来的东西比在国内便宜
In the case of the United States, typicallyhigh-technology products, uh…are things that Americans have innovated in and started firms doing that sort of thing at which they do verywell. Whereas goods that produce...that use a lot of relatively low skilllabor, like furniture production, cotton production, sugarproduction. Those are things that are frequently made more inexpensivelyin places where wage rates are low and the cost of using capital is very high.///// 以美国为例，初创公司擅长所做高科技产品，低技能的如家具、棉花、糖果等产品，在国外生产地更为廉价
However,in Florida they produce a lot of sugar, but the costs are so high, ifwe didn't have extensive restrictions on imports of sugar, the output of sugarwould decline dramatically. Butthe sugar industry in the U.S. doesn't produce high-paying jobs, it usesresources in ineffective ways and it blocksthe import of more cost-effectively produced sugar. ///// 在弗罗里达却生产大量的糖，成本高昂，如果我们不严厉限制进口糖产品，国内糖产量就会大幅度下滑，但是美国的糖制造业无法提供高工资，因为其效率低下
It, it's a very bad bargain for the peoplein the United States to want to protect low-paying jobs thereby halting thegrowth of world trading and international…uh, more internationalspecialization. It would bebetter to remove restrictions onimports and allow other countries inthe world…countries that can produce them more cheaply …let them specialize in producing those products.///// 这对美国人民是项不划算的交易，最好应该废除限制，允许其他国家生产来向我们出口产品
Now, I agree that people who are directly affected by imports, what they focuson… is, is that their prospects ... their job prospects are being reduced, andtheir economic circumstances are getting worse. And that's a relevantproblem and an important problem; whatisn't so obvious is…that by retrainingand relocating people to places, andindustries where jobs are expandingrather than contracting, we can makethe whole economy function more effectively and productively than by trying toblock imports. ///// 被进口产品直接影响利益的人们太过在乎自己的利益，但重新训练他们新的技能到新的产业链上，可以使其有更高的收入，国内的经济状况也会更加良好
Um, what is interesting to note is that,even if there were no international trade issues, like imports, any changesthat occur in a country'seconomy-any new technology, change in preferences, change in regulations orwhatever-will lead to "adjustments" that lead some sectors of the economy to decline and others to expand. ///// 即使没有国际贸易争端，任何新技术都会导致现有的产业调整引起某个行业下滑和其他增长
And that's what we have to figure out, andthat's a hard problem to deal with in detail, is how to facilitate people adjustingfrom sectors where their job prospects are not so good, and in particular wherereal wages aren't so high, to acquireskills that will permit them to moveinto higher-paying jobs in other parts of the economy either by retraining orrelocating. Helping payfor the relocation of these people would be very helpful, but trying to blockthe changes is really counterproductive. It makes people in our country poorer, and it makespeople elsewhere in the world poorer as well. 如何协助人们调整当前工作相当难办，尤其是如何向高薪岗位进发，帮他们找到好工作比关闭进口贸易要好得多，后者只会让世界各国都更加贫穷
Readership
Professor: About 40 years ago, half of allAmericans felt they'd be lost without a daily newspaper. But today, onlyone in ten Americans say they'd be lost without a paper. In fact, today,half of all Americans say they don't need a newspaper at all. 引子古今对新闻报纸的态度变化
And so people in thenewspaper industry are trying to figure out how they can get more peoplereading the newspaper more often. They're trying to crackjournalism's riddle for the ages: what makes people readnewspapers? OK, well, let me ask you-as a journalism student-what do youthink is the answer to this question? Elizabeth?
Female student: Um,I would probably try to improve thecontent of the newspaper.
Professor: Bettercontent. Hmm. You mean like well-written editorials and articles?
Female student: Well,I mean provide more interestingcontent, like, I would first try to find out what readers really want toread…and then put that into the paper \\\ 吸引人们看报的因素，E学生说提高内容质量
Professor: Yes, in fact, not toolong ago, there was an extensive study conductedto investigate what draws people tonewspapers. Uh, they found out that there's a clear, strong link betweensatisfaction with content and overall readership. Those newspapers that contained what the readers wanted mostbrought in the most readers. No big surprise there, right? So, whatkind of content brings in readers? Thestudy found that people-centered local news ranks at the top of the list…stories about ordinary people. \\\ 研究表明当地新闻最吸引人购买报纸
For example, you couldwrite about the experiences of those who were involved in a news story, and their friends and relatives. Thevantage points would be those of ordinary people, not of police or otherofficials. OK? Now the study alsoshowed that people want more storiesabout movies, TV, and weather, and fewer stories and photos aboutnatural disasters and accidents. So, to get reader satisfaction, you needto select the right topics, andwithin those topics, the right news events or stories to cover. Yes,James? \\\ 例如小人物亲戚朋友的故事而非政府人员，电影电视天气而非自然灾害和事故
Male student: It seems to me that alot of what you just mentioned doesn't lineup with the principles ofgoodjournalism. Cateringto readers' tastes may improve overallreadership, but what about the social responsibilities that newspapershave? I mean, there are some topics thatnewspapers need to write about in order to servethe public interest. Those topics may not always be fun and interestingfor the average reader, but it's still the newspaper's responsibility to makethat information available to the public. J学生质疑新闻从业者的责任何在
Professor: That's a goodpoint. You need a good mix of content. You can't just rush towards an attractivetopicand forget about the reportingrole of newspapers. There's a dangerof going soft-newspapers do have to performtheir obligations to citizens. So what newspapers sometimes do is to combineserious journalism with a reader-friendly presentation. \\\ 将趣事和报道结合
Um, let me give you anexample: When the justice departmentopened an investigation on the local police, some pretty serious stuff thatcould be boring to some readers; well, one local newspaper ran a lead story on their front page, but they also simplified the format by includingsmall breakout boxes that presented-in a nutshell-the highlights of the story.
That way, they could report the serious stories they neededto report, and, and still holdtheir readers' attention. OK? Uh, goingback to the research on readership growth we were talking about…Uh, the mostvital step of all, the study shows,may be making the paper easier to use. Howcan we make the paper "easier to use"? Well, it means storiesneed to include information, such asphone numbers, times, dates, addresses, Web sites and the like, so that readerscan "go and do" things basedon what they've read. \\\ 例如简化格式，突出故事版块以吸引读者，保留枯燥报道，加上有用信息
Female student: ProfessorEllington? Um, when you said we need to make the paper "easier touse", I thought you were gonna say something about use of graphics,colors, and stuff like that.
Professor: Well, I guess those things do help in a way,but it turned out that thosecontemporary touches, uh, such as more attractive designs, extensive use ofcolor, and informational graphics matter much less than you'd expect. Surprising, isn'tit? \\\ 封面设计有作用但不大
Female student:Yeah, it is…Um, how about service? Does the study say anything aboutimproving service? I don't think people are gonna subscribe if the paper doesn't arrive, or shows up late…
Professor: Or shows up wet, whichby the way, happened to me thismorning. Oh, absolutely. Service affects readership. Infact, improving your service is much more likely to increase your readership than making changes in your editorialcontent. Not only on-time delivery in good condition, but also things likeefficient billing, affordability, um…Yes? \\\ 服务质量也很重要
Female student: Theycould also, like, increase thenumber of sites where they sellsingle copies.
Professor: Certainly that's one way to improveservice. \\\ 增加网站数量
Global Freeze
Professor:Um, beginning in the late 1960s, geologists began to uncover some evidence of a rather surprising kindwhen they looked…um…at various places around the world. What they foundout when they examined rocks fromabout a… period from about 750 million years ago to about 580 million yearsago, they found that…it seemed thatglaciers covered the entire surfaceof the Earth-from pole to pole, including the tropics. \\\ 令人震惊的结论：地球曾是冰球
Um…howdid they cometo this astonishing conclusion? What was the evidence forthis? Especially when glaciers today are found only at the poles…or in themountains.
Well,uh…basically when glaciers grow and move they leave behind a distinctive depositconsisting of primarily…of, at least on the top level, of ground up little bitsof rock…almost…they almost look like rocks that have been deposited by streams,if you've ever seen those. \\\ 如今冰川只在高山和地球两极，是因为冰山移动留下上层岩石
Andthat's caused because, although the glacier is ice, it is actually flowing veryslowly and as it moves it grindsthe top layer of rock, it breaks offpieces and carries them away. Sowhen you have glaciation you have a distinctive pattern of these pieces of rockwhich are called "erratics". Erratics are rocks…they're thestones that are often carried long distances by glaciers. \\\ 原因在于缓慢移动的冰山顶层岩石碎裂被带到很远地方
So,in the 1960s and onward up through the 1990s, we keep findingevidence for glaciation, no matter what the latitude…even in tropicallatitudes. Now, today there are glaciers in the tropics but only at veryhigh elevations. But 750 million years ago, apparently there were glacierseven at sea level in the tropics. How could this have happened?
Well,first…the growth of glaciers, uh, benefits, if you will, from a kind of a positivefeedback loop called the "ice-albedoeffect". With the ice-albedo effect, glaciers-'cause they're white-reflect light and heat more…much morethan does liquid water…or soil and rock, which are dark and absorb heat. So, the more glaciersthere are, the more heat is reflected, so the climate gets cooler, and glaciersgrow even more.
However…normally,on a global scale, there is a major process that functions to curb thegrowth of glaciers. And, that process involvescarbon dioxide. \\\ 如今冰山只在很少地方的原因是冰的白色使其反射光和热的能力很强，于是气候转冷冰山增长，但CO2参与的某种过程阻止冰山增长
Now,we're all familiar with the notion that carbon dioxide is what we call a"green-house gas". The more carbon dioxide there is in theatmosphere, the more heat the atmosphere retains. That'swhat a greenhouse gas does. So, the greenhouse-gas effect is kinda theopposite of the albedo effect. \\\ CO2是温室气体，与冰山反射效应相反，可是大气积累热量
Um…nowas it happens…when silicate rocks,which is a very common class of rock, when they're exposed to the air and to normal weathering, they erode. Carbon dioxide is attracted to these eroding rocks and binds to them, forming calcium carbonate.
Calcium carbonate is eventually washed into the ocean where it settlesto the bottom. This process, this formingof calcium carbonate, has the effect of suckingthe carbon dioxide out of the air and storingit at the bottom of the ocean. \\\ 一种常见的岩石暴露在空气中会 被CO2侵蚀，两者结合形成碳酸钙化合物最终被冲到海洋底层，起吸收和储存CO2的作用
Now,follow me here. The process that's sucking carbon dioxide out of the air, keeping the greenhouse gas levels low,cannot happen if the rock is covered with ice.
So,while glaciers reflect light and heat…coolingthe Earth, they at the same time cover rocks so there's less calcium carbonateformed…which leaves more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Higher levelsof carbon dioxide keep the atmosphere warm…which slows the growth of glaciers. So, it's a balance, and theglacier growth remains pretty muchunder control. \\\ 被冰覆盖的岩石没有这种效果，因此冰山反射光热时，也减少了碳酸钙的形成。导致CO2在大气中集聚，减缓冰山形成，达到平衡
Now, what happened 750 million years ago to upsetthat balance? It seems a relatively simple explanation actually…
750million years ago… all the majorcontinents are rocky, bare, and pretty much lined up along the equator; they hadn't yet moved to where they are today. So, what happened was,perhaps a slight cooling of…the very slight and temporary cooling of the sun-whichstill happens from time to time-and the earth starts to cool, the ice starts tospread on the oceans…starting at thepoles. \\\ 75千万年前，大陆主体为裸露的岩石，仍在赤道地带，可能是轻微的短暂降温，导致地球上冰山从两极蔓延
Now,by the time the ice reaches abouttwo-thirds of the way to the equator, it's too late. See…becausethe continents are the last things to be covered by glaciers, they continue weathering; the rocks keep erodingand the carbon dioxide levels keep falling.
So,the ice-albedo effect from the glaciers is increasing in strength while the atmosphere continues to lose itsability toretain heat making glacier growthunstoppable. Now you have what's called a "runawayfreeze". And for perhaps as long as 50 million years, possiblywith some interludes,the Earth was frozen from pole topole, like a giant snowball. 冰山到达距赤道2/3时，大陆继续被风化，岩石侵蚀，CO2浓度下降，冰山反射效应加剧，大气层难以存热，长达5千万年期间，地球成为冰球
如你所见，如果有人看到这里的话：
基本每篇文章的动词都有加粗，短语和生词另行标注，划线部分是答案所在处，红色是做错题时没看懂或者理解错的地方。最后是段末简单翻译，文章斜杠是结构划分，这种做法是精读。
听力只放了三篇文章，因为感觉不会有人看。最佳方式其实是听写出来，和原文对照，再跟读几遍，然后自己朗读和听力录音对比，这样花费的时间更加成倍上升，虽慢但效果最好。
因为学习其实就是一个熟悉的过程，不断和英语接触，提高重复次数。
▁▂▃▅▆ ▊¶/SPEAKING〓
常错发音01：单词内无R绝不卷舌！！！
Idea, breakfast, Christmas, campus, study,famous, nervous, precious, drama, was, class, delicious, because, China, focus,low
- The breakfast that served oncampus cafeteria is super delicious.
- When he became famous lastChristmas, he was so nervous because everyone was focusing on his face, butthat experience is precious.
- The idea of studying dramaclass in front of Buckingham Palace was brilliant.
常错发音02：万恶的T
弱化和省略，原则 - - t遇到n就怂，舌尖顶上齿，气流从鼻子出，发嗯音就对
Button, sentence, bitten, curtain,mountain, forgotten, certain, mutant, Martin Luther King
- It’s a certain thing that hewas written that sentence.
- You’ve forgotten that thekitten scratched Martin’s curtain.
- It’s not certain that this isthe button of the fountain on that mountain, so keep on your Britain cottontowel.
t -> n
student center, printed book, interview,winter, advantage, letter, international, internet, twenty, percentage,pentagon
- She’s had a great interview atthe international center.
- Enter the information into theprinted and then turn it on.
- The pentagon announcedyesterday that the percentage of people using the internet, rather than theprinted books to read will reach twenty this winter.
T的4种变音情况：
1. t不发音（it, that, but, not, want; art, smart等紧跟r后的t也不发音）
eg.
It’s a nice ar(t).
I don’(t) believe i(t).
2. t被吞掉/抑制（t后面跟着n，比如button, curtain, sentence）
eg.
It’s a certain thing tha(t)Tiger’s Accen(t) training sentences are very important.
3. t紧跟在n后面，就会变成/n/
eg.
Studen(t) center - - >Studen cenner
4. 单词内重读不在t，就会变成/d/
eg.
A letter in water - - >A ledder in wader
I don’t know what thatmeans, but, it looks like important
He has forgotten what waswritten about the mutant on the mountain, and he doesn’t know what it’s about.
You have no idea how muchI wanted to take the chance to see you and forget what you’ve done to me.
另外还有个音是 v-f ，暂时不发了，只有例句，没找到好材料><.
▁▂▃▅▆ ▊◆/WRITING〓
Integrated Writing
习作/良辰美
The lecture explains that the longmemoir written by the Chevalierde Seingalt is correct and accurate and thusreliable in overall, which is contradictory to the points made in thereading passage.
Firstly, the lecturer believesthat Chevalier had to loanfrom the merchants because he always gambledon parties. He had to sell firstly to get money when he run out of cash.Borrowing money does not necessarily mean to bepoor, not the same as what the writer claims.
Additionally, the listening material states that the well-known writer Voltaire always wrote downimmediately everything what he could remember every night and when Chevalier recorded those conversations into thememoir, he referredto what Voltaire had written. Besides, Chevalier consulted the others who also participatedin the talks. Therefore, the records of conversations could be accurate, not like what the critics say.
Finally,the professor asserts that otherprisoners had more powerful friends that those Chevalier owned. And the government document included the repairing of Chevalier’s ceiling after he successfullyescaped from the notorious prison inVenice. All of these justifies that the account is exact as Chevalier said what he did.
Allin all, the points made in the lecture perfectly challenge the specific arguments presented in the reading passage.
01
Thereading passage is concerned with the accuracy of the memoir written by Chevalier, acontroversial celebrity living in the 18th century and raised three doubts about the accuracy of the memoir. The professor\'s lecture deals with the same issue. However, she believes that the memoir is accurate enough toprovide dependable information on social life in that era, which contradicts what the reading states.
The first doubt raised by the critics is that in his memoir, he was verywealthy, while evidence has recently surfaced that he borrowed considerablesums of money from others. However, the professor points out that he wasactually very wealthy, he only borrowed money because most of his wealth was informs of properties, which means he had to wait for the currency for a quitewhile after he sold his assets. Evidently,her argument disproves its counterpart in the reading.
The second doubt raised by the critics is that the memoircannot possibly capture these conversations accurately, because it was writtenmany years after the conversations occurred. On the other hand, the professor contends that the section about thatconversation was in fact very accurate. She then supports this point with the fact that Chevalier kept notes everynight when the conversation occurred, and he not only referred to those notesbut also consulted various journals when composing the memoir.
Moreover, on thecontrary of thought that Chevalier had a number ofpolitically well- connected friends who could have offered a bribe fromcritics, the professor in the lecture assertedthat he did escape from the jail, she provesthat this claim is indefensibleby pointing out that bribe was improbable during thatperiod. Furthermore, official documents showed that the ceiling of Chevalier\'scell was immediately repaired after his prison break.
In conclusion, thelecture clearly pinpoints the weak links in thereading passage and convincinglyreveals that Chevalier\'s memoir is indeed a reliable source to picture18th-century European social life.
02
Theauthor mentions the critics aboutthe authenticity of Chevalier\'s memoir by providing3 examples. However, the professorstrongly disagrees with all of these based on somereliable sources.
Firstly, the author statesthat Chevalier wasn\'t rich because he need to borrow money for party andgambling. On the contrary, the professor says that just based on borrowingmoney can\'t prove he was poor.Based on the evidence, Chevalier sold his properties on Switzerland but hedidn\'t receive the money. To cover the expense on party and gambling, he hadto borrowed cash to wait until he successfully convert his properties intocash.
Secondly, the author challengethe reliability of theconversation between Chevalier and Voltaire because it was written many yearsafter the conversations occurred. Nevertheless, the professor holds a different opinion. She gives a evidence thatChevalier did write everything he remembered on his note at each night aftertheir conversation. More importantly, a reliable person proved that Chevalierdid have the habit of regularly organized his notes. Therefore, it\'s reliablethat Chevalier did remember what he conversed with Voltaire.
Thirdly, theauthor agrees that Chevalier\'s escape from prison was because he bribed hisjailers. However, the professor disagrees with it by comparing he with otherprisoners. Some other prisons in jail had more politically well-connectedfriends than Chevalier but they hardly get away from prison. Besides, soonafter Chevalier\'s escape, the prison announced repairing the ceiling ofChevalier\'s room, which in other words proved Chevalier\'s experience.
Indepent Writing
习作/良辰美
The days are gonewhen babies could simply be accompanied by their parents and others friendlypeople and the television advertising is on the rise with the advancement ofthetechnology and society and here to stay, raising theconcern thatwhether these advertisements should be permitted to be directed towards ourfuture stars -- those young children aged two to five. On my personal level, this kind of television advertisements should bebanned. And reasons for my viewpoint abound, but two of them stand out:the exaggeration effects and the harm to the brain development of the advertising.
Start with the exaggeration effects of the advertising. Mention the advertisementsand what comes into mind is the huge gap between the real products and the shown samples. Many people usually raisetheir eyebrow while they are enjoying some TV series andone advertisement pops up on the screen. As time goes by, we are graduallyaccustomed to these unrealistic advertisements and would choose carefully whenbuying something in need. But when the babies are exposed to theseadvertisements, which are specially targeted to them, it takes littleimagination to envision that the babies would demand what they seeimmediately and cannot figure out the real differences with the lack of commonsense and basic capabilities. Therefore, this may put the children into the slipperyway.
Next comes the role of the damage to the braindevelopment for those young kids. For all the talk of the benefits ofthe products as the advertisements claim, these synthesized chemical materials still should be open todoubt. For one thing, we still cannot understand thoroughly how the brainfunctions, let alone its development; for another, amounts of products have some potential and unknown side effects.Thus we could not risk the children's future and ignore the other consequences.
Advertisements are mix blessing nowadays. They could inform people what they need indaily life and also could cause annoying problems for those have no need ofthose in particular. As for the advertisements pinpointed to kids, I suppose we should consider it twicebefore putting it into practice.
All in all, I strongly hold that televisionadvertising should be forbidden to being directed towards young children.
01
Inan age of the emergence of advertisement, the discussion on whether televisionadvertising directed toward young children should be allowed is more andmore heated. Toward this long-running tug-of-war, I personally hold theopinion that this kind of advertisement should be banned.
To startwith, it is indisputable that an underage kid of two to five years old doesnot process the ability to distinguish the information with negative influencefrom the positive ones. As long as the supervising system against harmfultelevision advertisement has not come into form, there is a possibility forchildren to get an accessible approach to varieties of them, among which maylie an erroneous one. And doubtlessly, harmful information contained in theadvertisement causes permanent damages to the underages.
Moreover, only only the mental health of kids cansubconsciously suffers, but also the physical health can actually go under agreat examination. For example, lots of studies show that staring intelevision for too long can endanger people\'s sight, especially for thechildren. However, the advertisement aimed for kids can entertain them, shapingitself into a temptation for long-hour\'s TV-watching, and thus hurt theeyesight of targeted audience, which in this case, the youngsters. And once an attraction becomes a habit, it will be toodifficult to go back.
Last butnot the least, it is in consumption that lies the true purpose of any kind ofadvertisement. If it is not for the sales or reputation for its own sake, nocompany will ever launch an advertisement. Nevertheless, I consider it to betoo early for a child to get into touch with the infamous but popularconsumerism, for at such an age of buds, they should enjoy the beauty ofnature, the love given by their beloved and the carefree childhood that we alllonging for but never appear itself ever again. I view the heinous thing of wealth and advertisement as an evil deed foradults, and wish little children to stay away from it.
All in all, given thereasons above, I firmly believe that television advertising directedto young kids should not be allowed at all.
02
Nowadays,how much and how accurate the information we get crucially influence thedecision we make.Any wrong guide from the mass media, internet or even guidebook will lead to aunreasonable judgement. Also, how rational and smart the recipient is tointerpret the message would increase or decrease the impact. Some peoplethus propose that television directed towards young children aged from two tofive should not be allowed. From my perspective, I do not agree withthis suggestion.
First of all, young children have their own preferences andneed to make decision for themselves. Young children are the target customerfor some specific commercial products, such as cartoons, toys, car modelsand cookies with some special chemical elements. There are many companiesthat get in the same field. Different children have different tastes, and theyhave various alternatives to choose. Only when they make decisions based onenough information can they best satisfy their own needs. For TV stations,as an example, they have to make a lot of advertisement to promote thecartoons shot and showed by themselves. As the audience, children choose thechannel that they are interested in by these advertisements. Without them, theywould have any guide and they would watch TV show blindly, which will notreally please and relax themselves. It would be also a waste for the TV stationto make such deliberate show.
Inaddition, making plentiful advertisement would make the best use of the limitedresources. It is a competitive commercial world right now. For any firms, todesign and develop a new product would be time and money consuming. If theproduct cannot be sold, any effort put in would be totally disappear. Youngchildren, as part of the customer in the whole society, with their big demandactually cannot be ignored. If the products which would make many adultsemployed and many families fed. Advertising towards them would be the best wayto promote the goods and also follow the rule of the market economy.
Somepeople might argue that young children can be easily misled, but it does notmean that the television advertisement would deliver wrong or fake information.With sufficient regulations towards advertising, the company and TV stationswill be supervised by government and customer would get easy access toreport the bad news, so that the companies of public relations or communicationwould be cautious enough to prevent any penalty. The regulation and control forthe enterprise who sold products to kids would be more strict. In this way,what the firms can do is to make the products look as attractive as possible,not to cheat on children. Also, though it would be hard for children todistinguish what is good and what is bad, their parents would play an importantrole aside to avoid any negative effect from the advertisement. They could telltheir kids how to be critical, which is a must for them to learn as soon aspossible.
Personally,I do not agree with the proposal that government should not allow thetelevision advertising aimed at young children.
其实还是多多输出，积累再多也要运用，我大概练习了十来篇独立写作，综合写作只有三五篇吧，明显前者比后者要好。
复习时间已经不多了，所以重点还是放在能迅速提分的口语上吧，另外我听力也不怎么样，听得懂是最大的幻觉，记笔记实在太慢，所以心里有点凌乱。
今日总结：
【1】
believe / state / propose / claim / hold / maintain / assert/ mention / point out / demonstrate / explain / suggest /prove that this claimis indefensible by pointing out that / support the points with the fact /mention the critics by providing 3 examples / hold a different opinion
【2】
refute / cast doubt on / are contradictory to / contradictsth. / object to / contend that /disprove its counterpart / raise 3 doubts / are questioned in the lecture / challengethe reliability
【3】
is concerned with / deal with the same issue / pinpoint theweak link / convincingly reveal / on the contrary of thought that
【4】
exemplify / justify / attest
【5】
firstly / additionally / finally
如有错误，感谢指出。
推荐阅读：中国的真实人口增长指出的投资方向
祝你好运。